Rehabilitation Therapy for the Degenerative Myelopathy Patient.

Degenerative myelopathy is an inherited, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder affecting the spinal cord of dogs. There is no treatment of the disease. Physical rehabilitation is the only intervention that slows progression and prolongs quality of life. Further studies are needed to develop advanced treatment options and to better characterize the use of complementary therapeutic modalities in palliative care for these patients.

Corticospinal Motor Circuit Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Improve Functional Outcomes.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that affects approximately 294,000 people in the USA and several millions worldwide. The corticospinal motor circuitry plays a major role in controlling skilled movements and in planning and coordinating movements in mammals and can be damaged by SCI. While axonal regeneration of injured fibers over long distances is scarce in the adult CNS, substantial spontaneous neural reorganization and plasticity in the spared corticospinal motor circuitry has been shown in experimental SCI models, associated with functional recovery. Beneficially harnessing this neuroplasticity of the corticospinal motor circuitry represents a highly promising therapeutic approach for improving locomotor outcomes after SCI. Several different strategies have been used to date for this purpose including neuromodulation (spinal cord/brain stimulation strategies and brain-machine interfaces), rehabilitative training (targeting activity-dependent plasticity), stem cells and biological scaffolds, neuroregenerative/neuroprotective pharmacotherapies, and light-based therapies like photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photobiomodulation (PMBT). This review provides an overview of the spontaneous reorganization and neuroplasticity in the corticospinal motor circuitry after SCI and summarizes the various therapeutic approaches used to beneficially harness this neuroplasticity for functional recovery after SCI in preclinical animal model and clinical human patients' studies.

Video game-based and conventional therapies in patients of neurological deficits: an experimental study.

PURPOSE: In the past few years, medicine has upgraded its therapeutic techniques and practices, with the use of various modern methods that are due to advancement in technology and sciences. It is recognized that the physical health of the patients is significantly associated to their mental state, their motivation and engagement in overcoming the illness. This paper presents experimental comparison between virtual reality (VR) technology and conventional mode of therapy for physical rehabilitation among patients of neurological deficits. The objective was to explore the effectiveness of VR during physical interactions with different game-like virtual environment and potentially leading to increased mental health (i.e., lower depression, anxiety and stress), self-esteem, social support and intrinsic motivation (task-based competence, choice and interest). METHOD: The study sample consisted of thirty-four subjects with Cerebral palsy (CP), Traumatic brain injury (TBI), Spinal cord injury, Stroke and Parkinson's disease; divided into two experimental groups virtual reality exercise group (n = 17), and conventional therapy group (n = 17); who have upper- or lower-limb impairment. RESULTS: The outcome measures revealed significant differences across pretest and post-test conditions of both the experimental groups. Findings emerged from the study showed noticeable effectiveness of virtual-reality based rehabilitation in TBI, stroke and CP patients. Relationships between study variables and demographic variables (age and gender) were also presented. CONCLUSION: This study opens the way for future researchers, psychologists, physiotherapist and other practitioners to do more extensive work in the domain of virtual reality with different sample, constructs and approaches.Implications for rehabilitationIt has become increasing important to introduce new state-to-art technologies in domain of rehabilitation.People are reluctant to use all the traditional modes of treatment. As these conventional ways of treatment are least motivating and interesting to indulge the patients without force and burden. It is evident in the present study that addition of virtual reality-based exercise increases the self-motivated balance during functional task in contrast to conventional and task-dependent training participants.This study opens the way for future researchers to do more extensive work in this domain.

Analysis of Cervical Sagittal Balance in Treating Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: 1-Level Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion Versus 2-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

BACKGROUND Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF), together with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) are both effective clinical treatments for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Cervical sagittal balance is critical to preserving normal alignment, and is also associated with clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients who had suffered from CSM and had undergone 1-level ACCF or 2-level ACDF surgery between December 2016 and November 2017. Forty-eight patients were identified: 25 in the ACDF group and 23 in the ACCF group. All patients received follow-up for more than 12 months. The demographic data, radiographic parameters, and clinical efficacy were compared between and within groups, both pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS Both groups acquired good clinical efficacy; both Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores and Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores improved significantly. At the final follow-up visit, patients in the ACCF and ACDF groups did not differ significantly in C2-C7 Sagittal Vertebral Axis (cSVA), T1 Pelvic Angle (TPA), Neck Tilt (NT), Thoracic Inlet Angle (TIA), JOA, or NDI scores. However, the ACDF group had a significantly larger Cobb angle and T1 Slope (T1S) than the ACCF group. The postoperative Cobb angle increased significantly only in the ACDF group, while postoperative T1S significantly increased in both ACCF and ACDF groups. CONCLUSIONS Anterior cervical surgery may change the sagittal balance in terms of T1S or Cobb angle. No significant difference was found between ACCF and ACDF in clinical outcomes or representative global sagittal parameters. ACDF achieved more lordosis improvement than ACCF, with higher T1S. Surgeons need to pay extra attention to cervical sagittal balance, rather than focusing solely on decompression.

Upright Balance Control in Individuals with Cervical Myelopathy Following Cervical Decompression Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Patients with cervical myelopathy may manifest impairments in functional activities and balance control caused by compression of the spinal cord. The objective of the current study was to determine long-term changes in the upright balance control of patients with cervical myelopathy who had undergone cervical decompression surgery. This is a prospective cohort study from the preoperative phase to 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postsurgery. Fifty-three patients with cervical myelopathy were recruited for the cervical myelopathy group and 22 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the control group. Functional assessments including Japanese Orthopedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire-Lower Extremity Function (JOACMEQ-LEF) and 10-second step test; as well as balance assessments including postural sway (center-of-pressure: COP) were performed for both groups. The JOACMEQ-LEF (p = 0.036) scores of the myelopathy group improved postoperatively, and a significant decrease in COP variables of postural sway was observed. The upright posture was less stable in the myelopathy group than in the control group (p < 0.05) both before and after surgery. The effect size and standard response mean of the COP variables ranged from -0.49 to 0.03 at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postsurgery. The upright balance control had improved significantly 6 months after decompression surgery. However, the balance control of the patients who had undergone decompression surgery remained less stable than that of the age-matched healthy controls. Balance training should be initiated before 6 months postsurgery to accelerate balance control recovery in patients with cervical myelopathy.

A Narrative Review of Pediatric Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Dysfunction.

This article provides a narrative review of seven key issues relevant to pediatric onset of spinal cord damage not due to trauma, or spinal cord dysfunction (SCDys). The first topic discussed is terminology issues. There is no internationally accepted term for spinal cord damage not due to trauma. The implications of this terminology issue and an approach to addressing this are discussed. Second, a brief history of SCDys is presented, focusing on conditions relevant to pediatrics. Third, the classification of SCDys is outlined, based on the International Spinal Cord Injury Data Sets for Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Following this, a summary is given of the epidemiology of pediatric SCDys, primarily focused on the incidence, prevalence, and etiology, with a comparison to traumatic spinal cord injury. Next, important clinical rehabilitation principles unique to children with SCDys are highlighted. Then important prevention opportunities for SCDys in children are discussed. Finally, trends, challenges, and opportunities regarding research in SCDys are mentioned.

Racial disparities in bladder management in veterans with spinal cord injury and disorders.

AIMS: Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction is common in individuals with spinal cord injury and disorders (SCI/D). The purpose of this study was to identify specific demographic, neurologic, and urologic factors associated with different bladder management methods (BMMs) in individuals with SCI/D. METHODS: A retrospective review of BMMs at a large Veterans Affairs SCI/D center was performed to identify associated risk factors including demographics, neurologic factors, and urologic factors. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with specific BMMs. Then, a propensity-matched racial group analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with differences in BMM. RESULTS: Data from 833 patients with SCI/D were reviewed and included 52.1% Caucasians and 39.6% African Americans. On bivariate analysis, current age, years since the injury, the severity of functional impairment, nonmedical mechanism of injury, and Caucasian race were associated with increased rates of indwelling catheter use. In an analysis of propensity-matched racial groups, African-American race was found to be an independent risk factor for not using indwelling catheters on multivariate analysis (odds ratio = 0.55). This finding was not related to access to care, as the rate of urodynamic testing was similar between races ( P = 0.174). CONCLUSIONS: Caucasians were more likely to use indwelling catheters and less likely to use conservative BMMs despite proper urodynamic evaluation. The racial discrepancy suggests a need for future research aimed at identifying unknown psychosocial factors associated with the use of indwelling catheters in individuals with SCI/D.

Hybrid assistive limb (HAL) treatment for patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the postoperative acute/subacute phase: A clinical trial.

Context/Objective: The hybrid assistive limb (HAL) is a wearable exoskeleton robot that assists walking and lower limb movements via real-time actuator control. Our aim was to clarify the safety and feasibility of using the HAL robotic suit for rehabilitation in patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (T-OPLL). Design: Uncontrolled case series; pre- and post-intervention measurement. Setting: In-patient rehabilitation unit. Intervention: HAL training was provided in 60-minuts session, 2-3 sessions per week, for a total of 10 sessions. HAL training was initiated on average 27.5 days post-surgery. Patients: Eight patients (four males and four females; mean age, 60.9 ± 10.2 years) with severe myelopathy, who had undergone posterior decompression with instrumented fusion, were enrolled. Outcome Measures: Gait speed, step length and cadence were measured along a 10-m walkway every session. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score (lower extremities) and Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI) II were also evaluated at baseline and after 10 sessions. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was calculated over time after surgery. Results: All participants completed the 10 training sessions, with no serious adverse effect noted. Gait speed, step length and cadence improved over time. Both the WISCI-II and ASIA motor (lower extremities) scores improved from baseline after 10 sessions. The JOA score improved over time post-surgery. Conclusion: HAL training can be feasibly initiated in the early postoperative period, without severe adverse events in patients, with T-OPLL-related severe gait disturbance.

Work and SCI: a pilot randomized controlled study of an online resource for job-seekers with spinal cord dysfunction.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, parallel randomized controlled trial (RCT). OBJECTIVES: To test the preliminary effects of an online resource targeted to job-seekers with spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D), and to determine the feasibility of proceeding to a full-scale RCT. SETTING: A community cohort in Australia. METHODS: Forty-eight adults (M = 42 years, SD = 10.95, 27 males) were randomized to receive 4-weeks access to the Work and SCI resource (n = 25) or to a wait-list control group (n = 23). The Work and SCI intervention involved six stand-alone learning modules which provided job-searching and career-planning information through text, videos, and interactive activities. Self-report measures were administered at baseline and after 4 weeks: Job Procurement Self-Efficacy Scale (JSES), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS: Online usage data identified high uptake of the Work and SCI resource, although study attrition was problematic. Intention-to-treat analyses failed to reach statistical significance, whereas complete data revealed a significant interaction effect for optimism (LOT-R). CONCLUSION: Further research to develop and enhance Work and SCI is indicated. Remediable strategies to optimize recruitment and statistical power in a future definitive RCT are discussed. SPONSORSHIP: This project was funded by the auDA Foundation (project 16019).

Walking ability following hybrid assistive limb treatment for a patient with chronic myelopathy after surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

CONTEXT: The hybrid assistive limb (HAL) (the wearable robot) can assist kinesis during voluntary control of hip and knee joint motion by detecting the wearer's bioelectric signals on the surface of their skin. The purpose of this study was to report on walking ability following the wearable robot treatment in a patient with chronic myelopathy after surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). FINDINGS: The patient was a 66-year-old woman with cervical OPLL who was able to ambulate independently with the aid of bilateral crutches. The wearable robot treatment was received once every 2 weeks for ten sessions beginning approximately 14 years after surgery. Improvements were observed in gait speed (BL 22.5; post 46.7 m/min), step length (BL 0.36; post 0.57 m), and cadence (BL 61.9; post 81.6 m/min) based on a 10-m walk test and a 2-minute walk test (BL 63.4; post 103.7 m) assessing total walking distance. The improvements in walking ability were maintained after the wearable robot treatment for 6 months. CONCLUSION: We report the functional recovery in the walking ability of a patient with chronic cervical myelopathy following the wearable robot treatment, suggesting that as a rehabilitation tool, the wearable robot has the potential to effectively improve functional ambulation in chronic cervical myelopathy patients whose walking ability has plateaued, even many years after surgery.

Progress of the Dutch Spinal Cord Injury Database: Completeness of Database and Profile of Patients Admitted for Inpatient Rehabilitation in 2015.

Background: In the Dutch International Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Data Sets project, we translated all International SCI Data Sets available in 2012 and created a Dutch SCI Database (NDD). Objective: To describe the number of included patients and completeness of the NDD, and to use the NDD to provide a profile of people with traumatic SCI (T-SCI) and non-traumatic SCI (NT-SCI) in the Netherlands. Methods: The NDD includes patients admitted for their first inpatient rehabilitation after onset of SCI to 1 of the 8 rehabilitation centers with a specialty in SCI rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Data of patients admitted in 2015 were analyzed. Results: Data for 424 patients were available at admission; for 310 of these patients (73.1%), discharge data were available. No significant differences were found between patients with and without data at discharge. Data were nearly complete (>90%) for lower urinary tract, bowel, pain, and skin. Data on sexual function has the lowest completion rate. Complete neurological and functional data were available for 41.7% and 38%, respectively. Most patients were male (63.4%), had NT-SCI (65.5%), and had incomplete SCI (58.4% D). Patients with T-SCI differed from patients with NT-SCI on most characteristics, and they stayed considerably longer in the rehabilitation center (112 days vs 65 days, p < .001). Place of discharge was not different between both groups. Conclusion: With the NDD, we collect important data on the majority of Dutch SCI patients, although much work needs to be done to improve the completeness of the data collection.

Emotional Consequences of Delays in Spinal Rehabilitation Unit Admission or Discharge: A Qualitative Study on the Importance of Communication.

Objective: To explore the influence of health communications on the emotional consequences of delays in transfer from acute hospital into a spinal rehabilitation unit (SRU) or delays in discharge from SRU. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in this exploratory, thematic qualitative research design in an SRU, Melbourne, Australia. Results: Six patients experienced delay in admission to (n = 4) or discharge from (n = 3) the SRU, with one person experiencing both an admission and discharge delay. Median admission delay was 41.5 days, primarily related to bed availability and staffing issues. Participants experiencing a delay in transfer from the acute hospital reported feelings of uncertainty, frustration, disappointment, and concern due to a perception that their functional recovery was compromised because of delayed access to specialist rehabilitation. Psychological issues were less common than emotional responses. One participant spent some of the delay period waiting for admission to the SRU in a non-spinal rehabilitation unit and reported no concerns about his recovery. Median discharge delay was 27 days, largely due to a wait in obtaining funding for equipment. Emotional and psychological responses to delayed discharge, particularly frustration, appeared to be influenced by having a sense of control over the discharge process. Conclusion: Patients' experiences during the delay periods partially mitigated the emotional and psychological consequences of a delayed admission or discharge on their psychological well-being. Locus of control, where participants reported being able to effect some influence on their situation, appeared to moderate their emotional state. The findings suggest that clinicians can draw on the concept of control to better support patients through periods of delay.

Design and Computational Modeling of a Modular, Compliant Robotic Assembly for Human Lumbar Unit and Spinal Cord Assistance.

Wearable soft robotic systems are enabling safer human-robot interaction and are proving to be instrumental for biomedical rehabilitation. In this manuscript, we propose a novel, modular, wearable robotic device for human (lumbar) spine assistance that is developed using vacuum driven, soft pneumatic actuators (V-SPA). The actuators can handle large, repetitive loads efficiently under compression. Computational models to capture the complex non-linear mechanical behavior of individual actuator modules and the integrated assistive device are developed using the finite element method (FEM). The models presented can predict system behavior at large values of mechanical deformations and allow for rapid design iterations. It is shown that a single actuator module can be used to obtain a variety of different motion and force profiles and yield multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) depending on the module loading conditions, resulting in high system versatility and adaptability, and efficient replication of the targeted motion range for the human spinal cord. The efficacy of the finite element model is first validated for a single module using experimental results that include free displacement and blocked-forces. These results are then extended to encompass an extensive investigation of bio-mechanical performance requirements from the module assembly for the human spine-assistive device proposed.

Hernia de Disco

Site que reúne informações sobre as doenças da coluna, tratamentos, exercícios e prevenção, etc.

Cognard Type V intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula presenting in a pediatric patient with rapid, progressive myelopathy.

Cognard Type V dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are a unique type of cranial vascular malformation characterized by congestion of the perimedullary venous system that may lead to devastating spinal cord pathology if left untreated. The authors present the first known case of a pediatric patient diagnosed with a Type V dAVF. A 14-year-old girl presented with a 3-week history of slowly progressive unilateral leg weakness that quickly progressed to bilateral leg paralysis, sphincter dysfunction, and complete sensory loss the day of her presentation. MRI revealed an extensive T2 signal change in the cervical spine and tortuous perimedullary veins along the entire length of the cord. An emergency cranial angiogram showed a Type V dAVF fed by the posterior meningeal artery with drainage into the perimedullary veins of the cervical spine. The fistula was not amenable to embolization because vascular access was difficult; therefore, the patient underwent urgent suboccipital craniotomy and ligation of the arterialized venous drainage from the fistula. The patient's clinical course immediately reversed; she had a complete recovery over the course of a year, and she remains asymptomatic at the 2-year follow-up. This report adds to a growing body of evidence that describes the diverse and unpredictable nature of Type V dAVFs and highlights the need to obtain a cranial angiogram in pediatric patients with unexplained myelopathy and cervical cord T2 signal change on MRI.

Growth Hormone (GH) and Rehabilitation Promoted Distal Innervation in a Child Affected by Caudal Regression Syndrome.

Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a malformation occurring during the fetal period and mainly characterized by an incomplete development of the spinal cord (SC), which is often accompanied by other developmental anomalies. We studied a 9-month old child with CRS who presented interruption of the SC at the L2-L3 level, sacral agenesis, a lack of innervation of the inferior limbs (flaccid paraplegia), and neurogenic bladder and bowel. Given the known positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on neural stem cells (NSCs), we treated him with GH and rehabilitation, trying to induce recovery from the aforementioned sequelae. The Gross Motor Function Test (GMFM)-88 test score was 12.31%. After a blood analysis, GH treatment (0.3 mg/day, 5 days/week, during 3 months and then 15 days without GH) and rehabilitation commenced. This protocol was followed for 5 years, the last GH dose being 1 mg/day. Blood analysis and physical exams were performed every 3 months initially and then every 6 months. Six months after commencing the treatment the GMFM-88 score increased to 39.48%. Responses to sensitive stimuli appeared in most of the territories explored; 18 months later sensitive innervation was complete and the patient moved all muscles over the knees and controlled his sphincters. Three years later he began to walk with crutches, there was plantar flexion, and the GMFM-88 score was 78.48%. In summary, GH plus rehabilitation may be useful for innervating distal areas below the level of the incomplete spinal cord in CRS. It is likely that GH acted on the ependymal SC NSCs, as the hormone does in the neurogenic niches of the brain, and rehabilitation helped to achieve practically full functionality.

Clinical features and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes of infection-related myelopathy.

STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine clinical features of infection-related myelopathy (IRM) and functional outcomes compared with other nontraumatic and traumatic myelopathies. SETTING: US academic inpatient rehabilitation unit. METHODS: This was a 16-year retrospective review of patients with myelopathy discharged from inpatient rehabilitation between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2010. Patients comprised three injury groups: IRM, nontraumatic myelopathy (NTM) and traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Information collected includes demographic characteristics, functional data, length of stay, injury completeness and discharge destination. Primary outcome measures were change in Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and daily FIM change. For IRM, data were collected regarding injury characteristics, risk factors, presenting symptoms, neurologic impairment level and treatment. RESULTS: Of the 1601 patients, 40 (2.5%) had IRM, 1105 (69.0%) had NTM and 456 (28.5%) had TSCI. IRM mean (s.d.) age was 58.6 (15.7) years (male gender, 72.5%). The majority in each group had incomplete injuries. IRM had longer lengths of stay (P<0.001), lower admission (P=0.001) and discharge (P=0.005) FIM scores and lower FIM daily change (P=0.002) than NTM. Degree of functional improvement was similar in all groups, and most patients in each group were discharged home. Infectious pathogens were bacterial (80.0%, n=32), viral (7.5%, n=3), tuberculous (7.5%, n=3), parasitic (2.5%, n=1) and multiple types (2.5%, n=1). The most common bacterial cause (65.6%) was Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious etiologies comprise a small proportion of NTM but represent a unique entity with distinct recovery patterns and outcomes. These patients can achieve similar functional improvements as other NTM patients during inpatient rehabilitation, although over a longer period of time.

Rehabilitation of people with spinal cord damage due to tumor: literature review, international survey and practical recommendations for optimizing their rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: People with spinal cord dysfunction (SCDys) due to tumor (benign and malignant) pose enormous rehabilitation challenges. Objectives were: conduct literature search regarding epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes for SCDys due to tumor following rehabilitation, the ideal setting for rehabilitation and practical considerations for rehabilitation; and propose framework and practical considerations for managing people with SCDys due to tumor in spinal rehabilitation units (SRUs). DESIGN: Survey of rehabilitation health care professionals, consensus opinion from experts and literature search. SETTING: Workshop at International Spinal Cord Society and American Spinal Injury Association combined annual meeting, May 16, 2015, Montréal, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Workshop attendees and experts in the rehabilitation of people with SCDys due to tumor. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Reports of services offered to people with SCDys due to tumor, including whether those with benign and malignant tumors are admitted into rehabilitation, any admission criteria used and the rational for declining admission. RESULTS: Most respondents (n = 33, 83%) reported that people with benign tumors were routinely admitted for rehabilitation but only 18 (45%) reported that people with malignant tumors were routinely admitted. A range of criteria and reasons for declining admission were given. Evidence from the literature and the opinion of experts support the admission of people with SCDys due to tumor into specialist SRUs. CONCLUSIONS: A framework and practical considerations for managing people with SCDys due to tumor in SRUs are proposed. Patients with tumor causing SCDys should be given greater access to specialist SRU in order to achieve the best outcomes.

Epidemiology of Pediatric Traumatic and Acquired Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Ireland.

Objective: To examine the epidemiology of pediatric traumatic (TSCI) and acquired nontraumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) in Ireland. There are few studies reporting pediatric TSCI incidence and fewer of pediatric NTSCI incidence, although there are several case reports. As there is a single specialist rehabilitation facility for these children, complete population-level data can be obtained. Method: Retrospective review of prospectively gathered data in the Patient Administration System of the National Rehabilitation Hospital of patients age 15 years or younger at the time of SCI onset. Information was retrieved on gender, age, etiology, level of injury/AIS. Population denominator was census results from 1996, 2002, 2006, and 2011, rolled forward. Results: Since 2000, 22 children have sustained TSCI and 26 have sustained NTSCI. Median (IQR) age at TSCI onset was 6.3 (4.4) years, and at NTSCI onset it was 7.3 (8.1) years. Most common TSCI etiology was transportation (n = 10; 45.5%), followed by surgical complications (n = 8; 36.4%); most common injury type was complete paraplegia (n = 12; 54.5%) followed by incomplete paraplegia (n = 5; 22.7%). Most common NTSCI etiology was transverse myelitis (n = 11; 42.3%) followed by vascular (n = 5; 20%); most common injury type was incomplete paraplegia (n = 17; 65.4%) followed by incomplete tetraplegia (n = 6; 24%). Incidence of TSCI ranged from 0 to 3.1 per million per year; incidence of NTSCI ranged from 0 to 6.5 per million per year. Conclusion: Incidence of SCI in Ireland seems similar to or slightly lower than other developed countries. Injury patterns are also similar, considering variations in reporting methods.

Important Clinical Rehabilitation Principles Unique to People with Non-traumatic Spinal Cord Dysfunction.

Background: Non-traumatic spinal cord dysfunction (SCDys) is caused by a large range of heterogeneous etiologies. Although most aspects of rehabilitation for traumatic spinal cord injury and SCDys are the same, people with SCDys have some unique rehabilitation issues. Purpose: This article presents an overview of important clinical rehabilitation principles unique to SCDys. Methods: Electronic literature search conducted (January 2017) using MEDLINE and Embase (1990-2016) databases for publications regarding SCDys. The focus of the literature search was on identifying publications that present suggestions regarding the clinical rehabilitation of SCDys. Results: The electronic search of MEDLINE and Embase identified no relevant publications, and the publications included were from the authors' libraries. A number of important clinical rehabilitation principles unique to people with SCDys were identified, including classification issues, general rehabilitation issues, etiology-specific issues, and a role for the rehabilitation physician as a diagnostic clinician. The classification issues were regarding the etiology of SCDys and the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. The general rehabilitation issues were predicting survival, improvement, and rehabilitation outcomes; admission to spinal rehabilitation units, including selection decision issues; participation in rehabilitation; and secondary health conditions. The etiology-specific issues were for SCDys due to spinal cord degeneration, tumors, and infections. Conclusions: Although there are special considerations regarding the rehabilitation of people with SCDys, such as the potential for progression of the underlying condition, functional improvement is typically significant with adequate planning of rehabilitation programs and special attention regarding the clinical condition of patients with SCDys.